Friday, May 31, 2013

Global Treasures

by Nate Shaffer

After a good night’s sleep from our early wake for Parliament Wednesday, we awoke Thursday for breakfast and then headed to the British Museum to check out some of the “treasures” of Great Britain. As we approached the front it was evident that this was not only going to take forever to walk through, but that this building was designed and constructed to show the world that “here lie within all our prized possessions.”

The front entrance of the British Museum
As we know, Britain had been a dominating world power for over two centuries, colonizing nearly every corner of the world. From these locations, however, came new, exotic, and exciting things that explorers had never seen before. So how do you show the rest of your country the magnificence of the world? Simple, you bring back some trophies. As archaeologists and explorers began discovering the vast wonders of the ancient worlds, as well as the recent past, they would regularly return home with many of these artifacts to be displayed in their “cabinets of curiosity.” These collections would eventually begin to accumulate and thus, museums were born (officially).


Magna Carta
 In the case of the British Museum, a majority of the objects came from outside the British Isles, obviously due to the expansion of the British Empire. The most popular of these items, however, came right from home. The Magna Carta was issued (more or less forced upon) in 1215 by the feudal barons of King John of England. It was drafted in an attempt to limit his powers and protect the rights and privileges of the barons. Up to that time, kings had the power to demand more, exercise their power over, and carry out punishments within all their lands. The barons, however, felt that some of these powers could be dealt with locally by them, and that his oversight was not necessary. This huge shift in power would eventually lead to the development of the rule of constitutional law, a foundation for many of the colonies of England.


 An example of how the Magna Carta came to be can be found in 1166, 50 years before it was written. In the city of Birmingham, then only known as the lands governed by Lord of the Manor Peter Bermingham, a charter was obtained to have a market at his castle. He then followed this with the creation of a planned market town and seigniorial borough. What makes this important for the time is that rather than the Crown giving privileges through a Royal Charter, a seigniorial borough would remain dependent on the local manorial authority. In other words, Lord Bermingham would have control over his lands without the permission or privileges of the king.

It is through objects like these that we can see not only the vast wealth and power empires once held, but the ways in which they acquired them, displayed them, and ultimately influenced the areas they came from. Although some could, and do, argue, that these “treasures” are mere exploits of once rich civilizations and should be kept in their environment, were it not for their journey to museums such as the British Museum, we would have to travel all over the world to see them.

British Museum

Keys to the Past by Kathleen Leppla

The Rosetta Stone
The Rosetta Stone
This is a key to history. On this stone there are three different languages. Those are Greek, Hieroglyphics, and demotic. Eventually the knowledge of how to read hieroglyphics went out of use in about the fourth century. However people were able to use the Greek writing on the stone to decipher the hieroglyphs. The Rosetta Stone was discovered by Napoleon and his army in 1799.  They had been digging a fort.  It eventually came to the British in the Treaty of Alexandria from the French.  The only time it has been moved since it has been on display was during WWII because they were afraid of intense bombing. They moved it underground and it stayed there for about two years.


The Lindow Man
The body of a man was discovered in 1984 in the Lindow Moss bog.  The people at the British Museum were able to examine him a little further and get more details about him.  Conditions in the bog meant that many of his internal organs were preserved. He is predicted to have died between 2 BC and 119 AD. His cause of death was being struck on the head by a heavy object. There was also a hit in the back which was caused they believe by someone's knee.  This shot broke a few ribs. This specific man is known as Lindow 2 because there have been three other sets of humans found in this bog as well.


Thursday, May 30, 2013

Parliament

Let's Go To Parliament!

By Carrie Mae Hanrahan

Westminster Palace, known as Parliament, with Big Ben housed in the Elizabeth Tower.

In the days of old, the monarch had difficulties communicating with the entire country. To make things easier for himself, Lords and Barons were given lands that they were in charge of, to report back to the King when trouble arose or information was available that he would like to hear. On few occasions each year, the Lords and Barons would meet at the Palace of Westminster to simultaneously discuss the state of the country and give their advice to the King. Coming from the French verb "parler" which means "to talk" or "to discuss", Parliament was the name for the meetings the Lords would have with the King. In the early days of Parliament, status was determined by amount of land owned. Soon after Parliament started meeting, men who were not Lords but owned decent amounts of land wanted to meet with Parliament as well. Since these men did not have noble status, they were "commoners". This started the division of houses between the "House of Lords" and "House of Commons".

Parliament was originally a cabinet of advisers for the monarch. The King called when Parliament would be in session, and held most of the power. A lot of the power was slowly shifting until Parliament was just slightly less powerful than the King. This changed when Charles I was in power. After his execution, the power flipped and Parliament was slightly more powerful. They appointed his son Charles II to the throne around 1660. Ever since, Parliament has slowly grown more powerful. The position of monarch has become a position of ceremonial and sentimental value, with little or no control over the workings of Parliament.

The Palace of Westminster is mostly not the original building. In the fire of 1834, most of the Palace burned to the ground. Only the Great Hall and a small chunk of an adjacent hallway survived. Bundles of sticks in the cellar had caught fire, and the building went up in flames. The Palace was rebuilt in a Neo-Gothic style. During the bombings of London in World War II, the House of Commons was demolished. The House of Commons was rebuilt by 1950. Currently, there are renovations being done on the original tiles in the small original hall adjacent to the Great Hall.



House of Lords

House of Lords
Like the Monarchy of England, entrance to the House of Lords was originally by heritage. When the Lord of North passed away, the person who succeeded him as Lord of his territory also succeeded him for his seat in Parliament. When there needed to be more members of the House of Lords, the King would divide the land into smaller chunks and appoint new families as Lords of the new territories. From that point on, that family also had rights of heritage for their seat in Parliament.

Reform was eventually made to the House of Lords. Rather than all seats being hereditary, only 92 members (as of July 1, 2011) remained in their birthright positions. The rest of the members stepped down from their Parliamentary duties. In their place, new members were appointed into the House of Lords. These new members were also known as life members, people who acted in Parliament until their death, but would not be succeeded by a member of their family. For the 92 hereditary peers, they can not be succeeded by their family members. If a member passes away, a replacement is voted in by the hereditary peers from the same political party as the deceased member, from the pooled group of hereditary peers that were removed from their seats after the 1999 reform. The hereditary peer voted to replace the deceased member is also from the same political party. This system will continue until all the hereditary peers from that time have passed away. All the members of the House of Lords serve until death, elections are never held.

The speaker of the House of Lords is elected every five years. A speaker serves a five year term and may only hold a maximum of two terms. Originally the position was held by the Lord Chancellor, but this was reformed in 2005, the current speaker of the House is Baroness D'Souza.

House of Commons

House of Commons
All members of the house of commons are elected every five years. When the five year time period comes up, all the seats are open for election. In a majority system, usually the party that holds the largest number of seats or the coalition with the most seats determines which party the Prime Minister will be selected from. In a coalition between Conservatives and Liberal Democrats, if the Conservatives hold one more seat in the coalition, the Prime Minister will usually be from the Conservative party. This system is because the monarch selects a candidate that will command the confidence of the House of Commons, therefore it makes sense the Prime Minister comes from the majority. Prime Ministers only get selected from the House of Commons.

While the House of Lords has unlimited seating the House of Commons is limited to 650 members. None of the members have life member benefits. The speaker of the House is elected after the general election of the new House of Commons members. There is a different speaker for the House of Commons than the House of Lords. The current speaker is John Bercow, the first Jewish speaker elected in the House.

Tradition

The messenger at the House of Commons door,
with the dent shown below the grate.
During the reign of Charles I, he refused to call Parliament for 11 years. This action eventually lead to his beheading. Prior to his death, he marched into the House of Commons demanding for five traitors to be brought forward. The men had slipped out the back door when they heard of his arrival. The speaker of the house told Charles I he was not allowed in the House of Commons. To this day, since the incident, a peculiar ritual has been formed. When the Queen addresses Parliament, she is only allowed in the House of Lords. A man is sent with a hammer to the House of Commons when she is ready to address the whole of Parliament. The man runs down the hall connecting the Houses, so the members of the Commons see him running. Upon reaching the door to the House of Commons, the members slam the door in his face, signalling that they will only come when they are ready for their audience. The messenger bangs on the wood door with the hammer until the House of Commons opens up and walks down the hall for their audience with the Queen and the House of Lords.

Baroness Scott of Needham Market

Baroness Scott
One of the experiences we had during our Parliament visit was an audience with Baroness Scott of Needham Market. The Baroness is a member of the House of Lords, meaning she will be in the House until she passes away. She spoke to us about the history of Parliament as well as the inner workings of Political Ping-Pong. The basic idea is that a reform stopped the House of Lords from vetoing any Laws, Bills, or Acts passed from the House of Commons. The Lords can only delay the legislation for a year before it will be passed unto the Queen to be signed and put into action anyway. Since the best the Lords can do is make amendments, this can create Political Ping-Pong between the Houses. The legislation is bounced from one court to the other until compromise is reached, one House caves into the other's demands, or the one year period runs out.

The Baroness discussed some of her personal views on the system. She also informed us that this coming Monday, June 3rd, marriage equality legislation will be brought in front of the House of Lords. The documents have already passed through the House of Commons with a large majority in favour. The Baroness admitted that she foresees the legislation being voted for on Monday, rather than just reviewed. She also stated that if it is not voted on Monday, she does not think there will be much contention or Political Ping-Pong surrounding the legislation. Baroness Scott was kind enough to navigate us through the extravagant halls, as well as accompany us on most of our tour through Parliament.

Adventures in London! City and Culture.



   

Adventures in London!  City and Culture.

By: Kendal Sendek

King's Cross Vs. St. Pancras

St. Pancras Station
King's Cross Station
These two stations are right across the street from each other, yet while they are so close they are completely different!  Both are very large stations, but the structure and interior are quite opposite.  We took the tube to King's Cross to see Platform 9 3/4 and the Harry Potter shop, this station was really busy and had a more cold industrial feel.  This station was named "King's Cross" after King George IV in the 19th century.  This railway was built under the Regent's Canal, in comparison St. Pancras was build over it.  St. Pancras was built to out shine King's Cross, which it did!  This station is huge and brilliant both on the inside and out!  St. Pancras is also an international making visits from France and even Rome easier.  Both of these stations were in a rough area for a while, but due to shifts and changes the area has improved.  It was really neat to go into stations that are so close in proximity and compare them! I definitely preferred St. Pancras to King's Cross, I was surprised when the station was a lot less crowded, but it might have seemed that way due to the set up and structure of the buildings. 





           Camden Town Translated into Culture

Photo
Street shot of Camden Town
For the second time this trip we returned to Camden Town.  Since it was closing down the last time we went the chance to experience it slipped away.  This time though it was open and super busy with people shopping and walking the streets!  We all kept saying it was like the South Side of London.  The street vendors were out and it seemed as though many different ones where owned by the same group of people.  Most of the goods were cheap and touristy, but the shops contain really cool clothes and other things.  As we were walking around I noticed so many people wearing and   owning things that I saw in the shops.  I didn't realize that even the locals really incorporate these places into their everyday life.  This market really gave a glimpse into how the shops permeate into the fabric of London's society.  In all cities there is the "go to" place to shop and after I started to notice what people where wearing I started to see people wearing the same things, its amazing the power a label can have, as well as the power of fashion trends.    


The Development of a Millennium...Or So We Thought 

 Well we thought we were on the Millennium Bridge...as it turns out we were wrong.  We walked across the Hungerford Bridge instead, which is also a pedestrian foot bridge crossing the Thames, but just not the one we expected.  It turns out what we found was cooler than I could have imagined!  We stumbled across a pile of skateboards off the one side, I was like "oh my gosh I'm putting that in the blog and calling it skateboard graveyard!".  To my surprise when I looked up the origin of this peculiar sight I found that it actually is in a reality a known (and labelled) skateboard graveyard.  As it turns out there is a well known skate spot (Undercroft) under Queen Elizabeth Hall, and as skateboards break as subculture has developed out of adding them to this final resting place.  Not only do people just add to this, there is even another level to this story.  There is an actual website that keeps track of the "plots" (number of bodies) and even has a place where you can write your dead skateboard an obituary!  I never expected that there was such a story behind what seems like just a pile of junk, but I am really happy I looked it up and found out all of this information.  http://hungerfordbridge.pbworks.com  If you want check out this site you can see some stuff, but have to join in order to really explore it, or you can just google Hungerford Skateboard Graveyard.  Its definitely worth checking out!

A skateboard graveyard


Tuesday, May 28, 2013

Shakespeare: From First Breath to Last

(by: Taylor Sendek)

 "Life's but a walking shadow, a poor player, that struts and frets his hour upon the stage, and then is heard no more; it is a tale told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, signifying nothing." William Shakespeare.
       Shakespeare definitely strut his hours upon the stage, though he wasn't and will never be just a shadow. Shakespeare is the Bard for a reason. Creating more than 250 new words, he is also one of the fathers of modern English, even though it is an English many people now a days can only muddle their way through. He not only wrote some of the best plays in history but he also wrote beautifully crafted sonnets. He has been emulated and copied by many, and admired by many more. It is unlikely he knew he would be remembered for this long, or that he even cared to be remembered. It is more likely that he created to create and to entertain at the time. He barely even signed his own work, or if he did none of his signatures looked the same; which could be why there were rumors that he never really existed and that the writer Shakespeare was a pen name for someone else.
   This is Shakespeare's house. It was a goodly sized one for the time for his family was decently well off. His house was located on Henley Street. Stratford was the birthplace of the Bard and it is in this place that we in this modern era can still see his childhood home and walk on the same floors he romped over as a child. Getting to walk in his footsteps was a surreal experience; it was chilling in a way.
  The same floor Shakespeare walked on as a child. Yes it was a geek moment for us to take pictures of it.

 He was the son of a glove maker, John Shakespeare, and an intelligent well-off woman, Mary Arden, who inherited much of her father’s property. He was taught to read and write and, according to the tour of his house, used his imagination from a young age, creating stories to entertain his family. The period and legends also gave him a grasp of fantasy that he carried through his plays, such as “A Midsummer Night's Dream.” His house consisted of his actual house and a little cottage connected to the side that consisted of two rooms. His actual house had four rooms plus his father’s glove making workshop. Shakespeare, being the oldest, even had his own room for awhile before his siblings came along. The one thing I found super interesting was the wall coverings of the bed chambers. The children’s room had white wall hangings with black designs, and the parent’s room was decked in green and red which were for luck and health in the birthing chamber: red was for protection and green was for life. The best part of seeing Shakespeare’s birthplace was the fact that we got to see the environment that raised the brilliant wordsmith.
  Shakespeare's childhood bedroom.

 After visiting the place the Bard was born it was only fitting to also visit the place he was laid to rest. Trinity church itself was a beautiful building fitting well within the beautiful town. Holy trinity church.

 The walk was surrounded by a beautiful old graveyard, but it was the inside of the church that was truly magnificent, and not because it held Shakespeare’s remains. Immense painted windows looked down over the Bard and his wife, Anne Hathaway.

While looking at the place where his remains lay was awe-inspiring, it is the inscription on his tomb stone that is really the thing worth seeing. Shakespeare was always the poet and artist, even upon his death he had to have the final word.
  Shakespeare's tomb, where he is laid beside his wife Anne.

 His tomb is inscribed with a curse written in a way that only Shakespeare could.
It says,
 “Good friend, for Jesus' sake forebeare
 To digg the dust enclosed heare;
 Bleste be the man that spares thes stones,
 And curst be he that moves my bones”.

Anne Hathaway's Cottage and Hamlet in Stratford by Kathleen Leppla



 

China in Anne Hathaway's Cottage
The city of Stratford in England is known for being the birthplace of William Shakespeare.   Even though the town is small there are many things to do.  We first visited Anne Hathaway's Cottage.  Anne Hathaway was the wife of William Shakespeare.  Anne and her family lived in this cottage for many years until it was sold to the trust in 1892. This is supposedly where Shakespeare courted Anne before they were married. Much of the furniture in the cottage is original to the Hathaway family. 
Oven in the cottage
 
 

 
 
 
 


Outside of the Royal Shakespeare Theatre
We all went to see a production of Hamlet put on by the Royal Shakespeare Company.  The Royal  Shakespeare Company has  many different productions going on during the same time.
 



 
Shakespeare's play Hamlet was said to be written in 1601.  The play is set in Denmark.  A young Hamlet finds out that his father was killed and is asked to seek revenge.  Hamlet is supposed to kill his uncle, Claudius, who is accused of killing Hamlet's father.  Eventually Hamlet pretends to go mad so he can figure out if he should kill Claudius.  In the end we see a broken family.  Hamlet's family dies, Ophelia, Hamlet's love, drowns herself and Laertes, Ophelia's brother, is killed as well.  This leaves the country of Denmark to be overtaken by the Norwegians.
 
Many people have different opinions of the production.  Some say that the play was like "hipster Hamlet" in terms of the clothing.  This tended to throw a lot of people off during the play.  Others would say that the actor who played Hamlet was the best one that they had ever seen.  The language and the clothes worn in the production provided a major disconnect.  All in all though the play was good and the actors were phenomenal.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
A few more pictures of Hampton Court Palace. These are of the kitchen and the wine cellars. They obviously took their wine VERY seriously. Look at the pillars and vaulted ceilings.

This is the back alleyway between the kitchens and the servants quarters.

 It was a holiday weekend when we were visiting and so there were all sorts of special activities going on on the grounds. They were calling it "The Big Picnic." As well as these period musicians, they had performances of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales.

London


London:                                                               By: Haley Sefton

Our journey then took to the great city of London.  We started off visiting St. Paul’s Cathedral, the first Protestant Cathedral for Church of England and the seat of the bishop of London.  The original St. Paul’s cathedral burned down during the Great Fire of London in 1666.  Christopher Wren, a famous architect in almost every major site in England, rebuilt St. Paul’s in the late 17th century in an English Baroque, late Renaissance style.

Today, St. Paul’s is a huge tourist attraction, not only because of its religious influence, but because of famous people who had visited, or got married there, like Prince Charles and Princess Diana of Wales.  The funerals of famous prime ministers Winston Churchill and Margaret Thatcher were also at St. Paul’s.  Moreover, the magnificent stained class and the open sermons to the public draw large audiences to witness this historical ritual in St. Paul’s.

After our walk from St. Paul’s, we visited the Museum of London.  It was constructed around 1976, and is free to the public.  The exhibits range from prehistoric London, known as “London before London”, and all the way up to the present.  The exhibits do a great job of showing hundreds of years of history into a great timeline as you go along. We also got the chance to see pictures and replicas of buildings before the Great Fire or even before they were destroyed by bombings during the World Wars. 

From here, we all seperated and began to discover the city ourselves. We also visited the Millennium Bridge, a walking bridge, convieniently located acorss the River. Thousands of people walk acorss each day to enjoy these beautiful sites. During our walk across we saw the Shard, Shakespeare's Globe Theatre, and the London Bridge. 
 


Two of the students visted Kings Cross Station platform 9 3/4. It was made famous and became a popular site from the Harry Potter movies.
 


 
We ended our night by using the subway sysstem, known as the Tube, we journeyed to Camden Town, and had dinner and shopped around. Now, learning the Tube system as well as the bus system, we all can be real international travelers (hopefully!!!)

Hampton Court Palace

By, Erin Zito


Hampton Court Visit: 5/26/2013

Walking up to Hampton Court Palace
We started off our day at the beautifully constructed Hampton Court Palace, which began to be built around the year 1514.  This is a site of interest for many tourists, as well as locals, for it was a favorite of Henry VIII and the rest of the Tudor monarchy, although it was originally built for Cardinal Thomas Wolsey.  Today, Hampton Court is separated into the exhibits of Mantegna’s Triumphs of Caesar, Henry VIII’s apartments and kitchens, William III’s apartments, Mary II’s apartments, Georgian private apartments, and the story of a young Henry VIII.  Its rich history and grandeur architecture show off the power, authority, and all over influence of monarchies.
  
Portrait of Henry VIII in his "apartment"
Hampton Court Palace conveys many different architectural styles stemming from the different time periods in which it was built.  When touring, you can see Tudor, Baroque, as well as many other influences throughout the Palace.

Base Court entrance



The Great Hall in Henry VIII"s apartment



















As you enter the Base Court, your eyes are struck with the beautiful architecture and infrastructure of Hampton Court. One of the main displays in Hampton Court during our visit was the Royal Bedchambers.  The Royal Bedchambers are the best example of the theme of our class, that being “Power and Authority”.  These bedchambers were separate and unique for the king and the queen where their guests could gossip, mingle, and wait to be called into the bedchamber for separate time with the monarchs.

Entrance to the Royal Bedchambers exhibit


One of the most interesting things of the exhibit is the emphasis on a lock and key.  Who ever held the key to the bedchambers was the most powerful.  It’s hard for many today to imagine how just a simple lock and key were so important back then, as well as just how a couple of minutes that you could get to gossip or mingle with a king or queen definitely showed off your power as well.  



You can read more about the exhibit on the Hampton Court Website if you click HERE




The Pond Garden


One of the most beautiful parts (at least to us!) of the Palace are the Botanical Gardens.  There are 60 acres of these magnificently structured gardens are right along the River Thames and the Palace.  There are a plethora of unique flowers, roses, trees, and vines blowing in the wind, pushing the smells of these gardens around for all to experience.  The Privy Gardens were beautifully restored, and the Maze is a great sight to see, if you don’t get lost!  At the very least, you can visit the world’s largest and oldest grape vine that is over 230 years old! 






Back of the Palace near the Botanical Gardens






















In the gardens, you can also see the Great Fountain Garden, The Tiltyard, The Wildnerness, The Knot Garden, and Home Park, all with a different experience and sight to see.  These gardens show off the luxurious lifestyle the people who lived here were accustomed too.  With that, they also show the history unfolding in front of your eyes with differing time periods influencing the gardens' structure. 

Learn more about the Botanical Gardens and click HERE!
The River Thames flowing near Hampton Court



Saturday, May 25, 2013

Prodigal Luggage Returns

 (SRU Wroxton)

It has been a long (LONG) wait... but Dr. Paradis' checked luggage has been returned to her after 3 days. It decided to take a detour from our PITT-PHILLY flight and went to Phoenix without us. Thankfully it has been returned.

Oxford & Oxford University

(Brenda & AJ)         

SRU Wroxton College Summer '13 (Not pictured: Dr. Paradis)




  Oxford, one of the most historic cities in England, is widely known for Oxford University. Oxford University is one of the most prestigious universities in Europe. Made up of 38 individual colleges, Oxford University takes up the majority of the city of Oxford. To some, the concept of 38 colleges forming a University might be confusing. OU is unique in the way that each student that is enrolled here attends an individual college, for example the Christ Church College which specializes in producing graduates who have entered the professions within politics or another of the colleges: Magdalen College which specializes in Art. A couple of other colleges visited by the SRU group were; All Souls College and the Queens College. One fascinating thing is that each college has a quadrangle. This is the quadrangle at Christ's Church College:




 One sight sure to behold is the Bodleian Library at Oxford University. The Library is built above the old divinity school of Oxford. The main class room of the Divinity School is beautiful and its architecture is fascinating. The most fascinating part of the school room is the ceiling. Each section told a different part of the buildings history from its donors to the master stone mason himself, all had their own shields and characteristics added within the gorgeous stone work.


William Penn, Founder of Pennsylvania
Christ's Church College, Oxford University
 Christ's Church College also has beautiful ceilings and architecture that can be seen. The most exciting aspect here though is not necessarily the architecture, although it is fascinating to behold, but the dining room brings a different crowd of a magical sort. The Dining rooms at Christ Church College as well as some of the hallways and stairs were used in the filming of J.K. Rawlings Harry Potter movies. Many fans of the movies make a trip just to see the room for this occasion. However while taking in all the magical essence of the occasion, the group stumble upon a piece of Pennsylvania History. William Penn’s portrait hangs in the great hall or the dining room at Christ Church College. For you Pennsylvanians, William Penn attended Christ College until he was expelled from the entire university for practicing beliefs contrary to the church such as the Quaker religion.

This staircase is seen many times in some of the Harry Potter movies.
The actual dining hall also seen in Harry Potter, it is actually used daily by the CCC students.
 

Below are some of the random events/pictures from the group's day in Oxford.
The Oxford Covered market: opened 1 November 1774 continues to host pedestrian traffic and local shops.
A Constable on Patrol (Cop) who was kind enough to slow and wave a bit for her picture.




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-Oxford University Acapella Group